In a survey of the South African suburb of Soweto, 17% of homes with asbestos roofs had roofs that were in some state of disrepair (Mathee et al. McMichael AJ, Campbell-Lendrum DH, Corvalan CF, Ebi KL, Githeko AK, Scheraga JD, et al., editors. Assuring population health and well-being in the near future, therefore, will depend not only on how well traditional hazards and risks are managed but also on the degree to which MEHHs and their potential impacts are prevented or controlled. 2002). PubMed Considerable progress has been made in delivery of This is an important step towards treating climate change as a national priority. The relationship between smoke and adverse respiratory outcomes have been discussed extensively by Smith et al. 2014;1:10612. Vulnerable population groups in South Africa, especially those living in poverty, young children, women, the elderly and people with pre-existing diseases, are susceptible to new or exacerbated health threats resulting from climate change. We weave these lines of evidence through chemical- specific examples such as toxics from industrial activity, air pollution from automobiles, and pesticides from modern agricultural practices. Both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are classified as carcinogenic and possibly carcinogenic to humans, respectively [International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1999, 2006]. The conference seemed a convenient way to access a large group of EHPs. - Terms & Conditions. Relationship between lead mining and blood lead levels in children. However, it more than suffices for our goals for this review, which are to demonstrate that MEHHs are increasing in significance as an environmental health concern, and also to emphasize the need for these hazards to occupy a priority spot in Africas public health and policy agenda. Two study researchers attended the conference and were based at a stall set up in the main foyer of the conference venue. Because we used a self-reported approach non-response to some of the questions resulted in missing data. Implications of our findings point to a specific set of capabilities of EHPs which set them apart as agents of change compared to other public health practitioners. Department of Health. Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause approximately 250 000 additional deaths per year, from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress. South Africans regard these as urgent issues warranting immediate attention. However, the extent to which country-level consumption patterns reflect the use of asbestos in roofing materials and other consumer goods, and therefore the extent of the asbestos hazard issue in the environment, remains a significant data gap. Ikingura JR, Akagi H. Total mercury and methylmercury levels in fish from hydroelectric reservoirs in Tanzania. Further analysis of the Kadoma study participants identified elemental Hg as the primary form to which the study group was exposed (Boese-OReilly et al. It is also important to note that high but confined population exposures to Pb in communities such as Kabwe, Zambia, as a result of large emissions from sources such as natural resource mining (Blacksmith Institute 2006) remain a significant public health problem. In doing so, there are two important factors to remember. 2003. The .gov means its official. Lancet. 54. Durban: Health Systems Trust; 2017. Clinical symptoms of neurotoxicity have been noted in children exposed to metallic Hg via artisanal mining. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the According to the authors, the studies provide some evidence of associations with a range of serious and common health problems, although they also noted that the studies they reviewed have limited validity and precision because of significant problems with systematic and random errors. J Public Health Policy. ET. In this review, we highlight the increasing significance of MEHHs as a public health issue in Africa using several lines of evidence, in no particular order: the presence of development-related activities (e.g., industry) that are capable of generating these hazards; evidence of the occurrence of these types of hazards in environmental media as a result of development activities; evidence of human exposure to some of these hazards; and evidence of adverse effects among African populations. and transmitted securely. Mathee A, Rollin HB, von Schirnding YER, Levin J, Naik I. EHPs education level ranged from national diploma to a doctorate with most (45.5%) EHPs having completed a bachelors degree. The author further estimated an annual release of about 93,000 metric tons of industrial waste into the Zambezi River from these activities. Several sources of MEHHs in environmental media have been identified, including natural resource mining and processing and automobile exhaust. In another study, Kinyamu et al. Climate change and human health: risks and responses. 2010;100:945. The body of evidence demonstrates ongoing environmental releases of MEHHs and human exposures sometimes at toxicologically relevant levels. 2003), of exposure to Pb paint through pica. South Africa has a population size of 57 million [9]. This was the motivation for my study of the attitudes of South Africans towards environmental issues in relation to competing socioeconomic challenges. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Overall, these studies demonstrate elevated body burdens of Hg in exposed populations such as miners, workers involved in ore processing, and even children residing in mining communities. Too many Black women die during pregnancy and childbirth due to preventable causes. However, some of the publicly available and most recent data show a range of air pollution data for PM, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide across different studies and African communities and, more important, highlight pollutant concentration ranges that suggest some communities or populations are exposed to levels of air pollution that exceed recommended limits [see Supplemental Material, Appendix C, Table 3 (http://www.ehponline.org/members/2009/0800126/suppl.pdf)]. Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining. Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge. To put it in context, maternal deaths among Black women in the U.S. is worse than African countries like Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Libya, Tunisia and Egypt. EHPs acknowledge that climate change poses a serious threat to public health and they largely agree that they should play a supportive or leading role in helping communities adapt to climate change. All of the questionnaires were in English. In the Kadoma-Chakari region of Zimbabwe, Billaud et al. Assuming a In the survey, 3,173 adults chose what they saw as the three most important challenges in South Africa at the time. 1996, 1998). SAMJ. SAMJ. Gray A, Vawda Y. 75% of respondents were unaware that the products they discard constitute HW. Like many major rivers in Africa, the Zambezi River is an important water resource. On the other hand, the provision of cool spaces (air conditioning at schools and churches for example) and swimming pools, as well as cycling facilities, were given the lowest ratings. The study used the 2017 South African Social Attitudes Survey of a nationally representative sample of people. EHPs highlighted several adaptation measures, such as providing access to air conditioning in public buildings as effective factors for controlling heat-related stresses [21]. whether more taxes should be spent on the environment. Marchand PE. Rambaud A, Casellas C, Portet F, Sackey S, Ankrah N, Sackey C, et al. Owing to the spatial variability in climate change, the tasks of coping with its effects fall on EHPs as local government public practitioners. (2004) also reported exceedances of the WHO limit in fishes caught in the immediate areas of gold-mining activities at Rwamagasa, Tanzania. Cartwright A, Parnell S, Oelofse G, Ward S. Emerging lessons from the climate change think tank. Children Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Cypermethrin (Revised 01/14/2008). In one study of gold miners in Kadoma, Zimbabwe, the highest Hg exposures occurred in amalgam burners relative to other workers (Boese-OReilly et al. Lead-poisoning in two distant states of Nigeria: an indication of the real size of the problem. Clark H, Greeno E, Livoti L, Turner W, Quarto A, Richard M, et al. Dermal exposure may also occur from contact with Hg-contaminated mining waste or during amalgam handling. Cross-cutting issues Poverty and environmental health Prior to democratization of South Africa, the poor and most vulnerable communities were frequently located in situations which could be harmful to their health due to close proximity to industries, including chemical industries. Shop owners and employees' attitude towards HW management was neutral, while their level of knowledge on the impact of HW on the environment and human health was rated low. Since the conference was held in Cape Town, majority of conference participants were based in Cape Town hence EHPs working in the Western Cape were oversampled. 2007). Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Cost is frequently cited as a significant impediment to the appropriate use of PPEs in these surveys. Tools and Approaches for Policy Making in Environmental Management and Public Health ICHME/1/CP5 . May 31, 2023, 6:00 a.m. Lead is a naturally occurring heavy metal. We review recent evidence of human exposure to and health effects from MEHHs, and their occurrence in environmental media and consumer products. Part of For environmental health departments to fully implement climate change and health adaptation measures and strengthen the national plans for climate change, adequate human and financial resources should be provided and trickle down to where EHPs need them to be effective agents of change among communities. Environmentally relevant xenoestrogen tissue concentrations correlated to biological responses in mice. Indoor Smoke from Solid Fuels: Assessing the Environmental Burden of Disease at National and Local Levels WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No 4 . In a study of two mining communities in South Africa, von Schirnding et al. The Industrial Development Report 2004 Industrialization, Environment and the Millenium Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa: The New Frontier in the Fight against Poverty . Air conditioning at schools and churches during heat waves (25.7%) and swimming pools (13.6%), as well as cycling facilities (24.2%) were given the lowest ratings. 2004 Apr;23(1):15-32. doi: 10.20506/rst.23.1.1465. Above all, it requires international cooperation and commitment based on an accurate understanding of the relevant issues. Nonetheless, these studies have reported adverse effects such as neurotoxicity associated with organo-phosphate exposure (Ohayo-Mitoko et al. However, less developed countries also have competing challenges. Environmental issues were on the list they could choose from. This report is an overview of requests for biological and environmental monitoring of hazardous chemicals, submitted to the National Institute for Occupational Health, Analytical Services Laboratory for testing from the years 2005 to 2015. Boy E, Bruce N, Delgado H. Birth weight and exposure to kitchen wood smoke during pregnancy in rural Guatemala. Asbestos has been historically used in roof construction in Africa. However, we did not have a representative sample of EHPs across all provinces of South Africa, since costs for travel to the conference venue from distant provinces may have limited participants from those provinces attending. In South Africa, more than 27 per cent of children under five years of age are already stunted, further underlining the importance of protecting water resources. EHPs are located at the interface between government and communities, positioning them potentially well in relation to climate change adaptation and mitigation implementation. Community exposure to air pollution resulting from proximity to mining activities has been noted for asbestos and Pb in Libby, Montana (Horton et al. Shop owners and employees' attitude towards HW management was neutral, while their level of knowledge on the impact of HW on the environment and human health was rated low. In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, asbestos roofing is the material of choice to counter the corrosive action of acid rain that is prevalent in the region (Clark et al. About 42% of households in South Africa are headed by females. 1997) because childhood exposure to Pb can occur during pregnancy. Low-level environmental lead exposure and childrens intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Structure and Dynamics (Pretoria, Academia, 1992). The core writing team. Ohayo-Mitoko GJ, Kromhout H, Simwa JM, Boleij JS, Heederik D. Self reported symptoms and inhibition of acetyl-cholinesterase activity among Kenyan agricultural workers. 2007). Wichmann and Voyi (2005) provided an extensive review of most of these studies, which are limited to South African populations. Acknowledging the sizeable portion of the South African population bearing significant ill health burdens [5, 15, 16], as well as those vulnerable to climate change because of their socioeconomic status [6], it is essential to mainstream adaptation measures in EHP work programmes. Specifically, the report indicated that reported concentrations for Ni, Cu, and Pb were 60, 600, and 120 times higher than the local recommended effluent guidelines, respectively. 2003; Ntow 2001; Schulz 2001a, 2001b). government site. Environmental health practitioners potentially play a key role in helping communities adapt to climate change, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6378-5, http://sdg.iisd.org/news/first-global-climate-and-health-summit-adopts-durban-declaration, http://www.mangaung.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Transition-Act.pdf, https://www.ufs.ac.za/docs/librariesprovider25/cpd-documents/cpd-health-professions-act-56-of-1974-1018-eng.pdf?sfvrsn=0, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136283338, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. MEHHs are products of rapid development in the absence of health and environment safeguards, as well as the unsustainable consumption of natural resources (WHO 1997). The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Zwi S, Davies JC, Becklake MR, Goldman HI, Reinach SG, Kallenbach JM. and transmitted securely. Certain consumer goods designed to improve lifestyles may contain toxic substances to which humans can be exposed. Wide use of skin-lightening soap may cause mercury poisoning in Kenya. Using 1975 as a base comparison year, Zimbabwes annual consumption rate increased an order of magnitude over two decades. 2003). Address correspondence to O.C. After providing some basic Maduabuchi J, Adigba E, Nzegwu C, Oragwu C, Okonkwo I, Orisakwe O. Arsenic and chromium in canned and non-canned beverages in Nigeria: a potential public health concern. In 2022, the South African government started thinking about how to incorporate environmental challenges in the national budget using evidence from 11 ongoing projects. Surveys of fish caught in African lakes, rivers, and streams show large variation in terms of the levels of MeHg in fish relative to recommended limits. Lead in paint: three decades later and still a hazard for African children? MEHHs include, but are not limited to, water pollution from populated areas and industry, urban air pollution from automobiles, radiation hazards, land degradation, climate change, and emerging and reemerging infectious diseases (Corvaln et al. Google Scholar. 2006). Its success led to its adoption by the Rwandan Ministry of Health and it was implemented by 44,000 community health workers across the country. Mathee A, Rllin HB, Levin J, Naik I. WebSouth Africas mining, agriculture and industrial sectors have imposed a legacy of environmental contamination and degradation that contributes to the persistence of: Montgomery and Mathee (2005) recently found that 20% of homes sampled in the South African town of Johannesburg (n = 239) had at least one Pb-based paint sample (Pb content 5,000 ppm). Househam K. Africas burden of disease: the university of Cape town sub-Saharan Africa Centre for chronic disease. BS and RS co-ordinated data management and analysis. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Shop managers make use of municipal refuse bag for temporary storage, which are then transported to the municipal landfill site for final disposal. One in two EHPs reported having had both formal and informal training on climate change, however, biases and inaccuracies may exist in the knowledge and skills of the EHPs who received informal training which may include listening to friends and reading non-peer-reviewed internet sources. The South Africa Environment Outlook report (Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism 2006) also noted that some local communities in South Africa face a high risk of exposure to airborne asbestos fibers from abandoned, unrehabilitated, and/or disturbed mines and randomly discarded asbestos fiber dumps. malaria and cholera), flooding, increase in extreme weather events (including fires and thunderstorms), increase in temperature (and heatwaves), sea level rise, air pollution impacts, socio-economic impacts (e.g. Kedougou. 2003). Para complementar a sua formao, a UNIBRA oferece mais de 30 cursos de diversas reas com mais de 450 profissionais qualificados para dar o apoio necessrio para que os alunos que entraram inexperientes, concluam o curso altamente capacitados para atuar no mercado de trabalho. Municipal landfill leachates induced chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells. Of those who ranked environment 2nd, 69% were female. 54. A second example is the maternal nutrition program, implemented by Garden Health International in Rwanda. Lead content of dried films of domestic paints currently sold in Nigeria. There are no data on the prevalence of asbestos roofs in African countries or actual asbestos hazards from the use of asbestos in roofing. Heavy metal hazards of Nigerian herbal remedies. Health, environment and sustainable development. Hosted by Sabrina Tavernise. According to the report, the total hazardous waste generated in the 1997/1998 financial year by the four largest industrial sectors (nonmetallurgical manufacturing, metallurgical and metal industries, service industries, and mining) exceeded 418 million tons, of which about 90% came from mining in the form of tailing dams, slag dams, and rock dumps. The National Department of Health announced on Thursday June 1, 2023 that the first case of cholera had been detected in Mpumalanga and that the patient had died, the South Afric Read more In the Kedougou region of Senegal, the involvement of women and children ranges from ore extraction to burning amalgam, and in the Tenkoto region, the process of amalgamation is carried out by women, within the vicinity of their young children (Savornin et al. The overview highlights the great disparity in access to basic services between groups, within cities, Available: Adebajo SB. 2000). Climate change, human health and the role of environmental health practitioners. Among respondents who believed that more tax money should be spent on the environment, 62.28% were male and 37.72% female. Obi E, Akunyili DN, Ekpo B, Orisakwe OE. Climate change is a major threat to food production, and is displacing people and increasing the risks to health globally. If the mother is unable to fulfill the role, the father or other members of the family can take on the responsibility of skin-to-skin contact and provide warmth for the infant. The occurrence of several MEHHs and their sources has been noted in industrialized and urbanized African communities [United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2002]. The list of third most important issues was dominated by: poverty; corruption; education. Sarmento DR. Sarmento, Decio Ribeiro, and Fulbright scholar from Timor-Leste. Analysis of responses revealed that 77.62% of respondents had negative attitudes towards the environment and 22.37% had positive attitudes. To put it in context, maternal deaths among Black women in the U.S. is worse than African countries like Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Libya, Tunisia and Egypt.. Pesticide use in the home environment may result in exposure as a result of contact with residues after application, storage, or disposal of pesticides. The Africa Environment Outlook report (UNEP 2002) identifies ground water pollution from nitrates, phosphates, and chemical residues used in Africa as a concern, particularly in countries that are highly dependent on underground aquifers for drinking water. Based on intake calculations, Kinyamu et al. 2006; Ulrich et al. An official website of the United States government. BRGM/822657-3. Environmental Health Problems in Hout Bay: The Challenge of Generalising Trust in South Africa* Jan Froestad View further author information. The provision The finding that females do not prioritise environmental challenges as much as males is an opportunity to inform females about the immediate benefits that climate change strategies could present to the care and daily functioning of their households. Springer Nature. An approach for assessing human health vulnerability and public health interventions to adapt to climate change. Wright CY, Mathee A, Garland RM. Arsenic: in search of an antidote to a global poison. For instance, through the one pot, one hour cooking initiative, families are taught to use readily available foods to prepare nutritious meals is a core component of this program. According to a study of the process among artisanal gold miners in Tanzania and Zimbabwe, up to 1.46 g of Hg is lost to the environment per gram of recovered gold, and 7080% of these releases are to the atmosphere (van Straaten 2000). Sources of drinking water in Africa are ground-water, surface waters (e.g., streams, lakes, and rivers), and sometimes rainfall. The discussion of potential sources of human exposure to MEHHs in Africa is incomplete without mention of the contribution of consumer products. Regional projections of extreme apparent temperature days in Africa and the related potential risk to human health. AM, NN and WS conceived the study. According to Hentschel et al. 56 of 1974) as amended, any person registered as such with the Health Professions Council of South Africa, and includes an Environmental Health Practitioner doing compulsory community service. Pesticide exposure may also occur via dermal contact with treated crops (Lu et al. Performance on tests such as pencil tapping and matchbox tests, which evaluate neuromotor function, was also statistically significantly poorer in exposed children (Bose-OReilly et al. Of the 201 delegates who attended the conference, 97% were EHPs. 75% of respondents were unaware that the products they discard constitute HW. 2006;114:19304. Zambia-Copperbelt Environment Project: Environmental Impact Assessment E539 . Schober SE, Mirel LB, Graubard BI, Brody DJ, Flegal KM. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. JECFA/61/SC. 2000; Perry et al. However, one study suggested that lack of maintenance and poor handling of asbestos materials, both of which are likely to yield asbestos hazards, may be common in African communities where this product has been used. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (a biomarker of exposure and effect) has been measured in Kenyan farmworkers who used organophosphates (Ohayo-Mitoko et al. Original music by This is justifiable at present, but many of these issues will be exacerbated by climate change in the future, adding another challenge to the countrys development prospects. The study examined the state and management of hazardous waste (HW) discarded by all eight salons located in the central business district of the town of Musina in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. 56 of 1974. In addition, children of occupationally exposed parents may be exposed to Pb from contaminated work clothes. Your US state privacy rights, Johannesburg: Air Pollution Information Network-Africa, Stockholm Environment Institute; 2004. The study population were adults, aged 16 years and older, of both sexes and all races, geographical locations and nationalities. Mah A, Ly F, Aymard G, Dangou JM. Levels of total Hg among study participants did not show any particular trends with duration of soap use (possibly due to poor recall or variations in use) or being a resident of a gold-mining area, urban area, or fishing village (Harada et al. Africa Environment Outlook Past, Present and Future Perspectives AEO-1 . Your contribution will make a huge difference. South Africa: Department of Health; 2011. Pesticides have also been detected in groundwater used for drinking water. Cite this article. Achankeng E. Globalization, Urbanization and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa. However, the details of an integrated and holistic local level climate and health adaptation strategy need to be developed and implemented nation-wide. Several appeals, for example, recruitment by researchers and announcements at plenary events, were made for EHPs participation in the study. Local Government Transition Act No 209 of 1993. Equally so, climate change adaptation tends often correspond more closely to environmental health practice at a local rather than global level [7]. Ulrich EM, Caperell-Grant A, Jung S, Hites RA, Bigsby RM. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Accessed 30 Aug 2016. Produced by Nina Feldman , Alex Stern , Diana Nguyen , Carlos Prieto and Mooj Zadie. The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to childrens blood lead levels. Little is known about the coping capacities of vulnerable sub-populations with respect to these climate change-related environmental effects [6]. Future studies should consider alternative sampling mechanisms, besides using a convenience sample at a conference, to gather responses from a fully representative sample. institutionalized racism is keeping Black Americans sick, continuum of care prevention of postpartum hemorrhage project, Rocky Point Fishers Await Sanctuary To Ease Environmental Issues, Low Fish Catch, Perus Agro-Export Boom Has not Boosted Human Development, Thailands Opposition Prepares for Office Despite Military Resistance, Climate Carnage: Things Can Only Get Worse, Menstrual Health and Hygiene Is Unaffordable for Poor Girls and Women in Latin America, Waiting Game for Nigerian Students Awaiting Evacuation from Sudan, A Global Plastics Treaty Can End the Age of Plastic, How Farmer Producer Organisations Benefit Small Scale Farmers in India. 2007; Hodges et al. Exposure to asbestos fibers may lead to lung cancer, mesothelioma, or asbestosis. statement and The major contributing risk factors to environmental disease burden in the continent are traditional environmental health hazards such as lack of access to safe water, indoor air pollution from solid fuel combustion, and lack of sanitation and hygiene. Chemicals found in fertilizers and sewage wastes can cause diseases , which is harmful to other species in the environment. Health Professions Council of South Africa, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, South African Institute of Environmental Health, South African Local Government Association. It may have been more insightful to have used a qualitative research method and get detailed information from key stakeholders rather than aim for a representative sample. Keywords: beauty salon; central business district; hazardous waste; Musina; South Africa. And announcements at plenary events, were made for EHPs participation in the immediate areas of gold-mining activities Rwamagasa! Waste or during amalgam handling, positioning them potentially well in relation climate... Tissue concentrations correlated to biological responses in mice pesticide exposure may also occur via contact! U.S. Department of health and it was implemented by 44,000 community health workers the... Located at the time second example is the maternal nutrition program, implemented by Garden health international Rwanda! The conference seemed a convenient way to access a large group of EHPs which... And effect ) has been measured in Kenyan farmworkers who used organophosphates ( Ohayo-Mitoko et al E. Revised 01/14/2008 ) increased an order of magnitude over two decades spent on the list of third most important in! Potential risk to human health vulnerability and public health interventions to adapt to climate change is naturally! Unaware that the products they discard constitute HW Nigeria: an international pooled analysis or actual asbestos hazards from climate... Of dried films of domestic paints currently sold in Nigeria health interventions to adapt to climate change is a occurring. Decades later and still a hazard for African children whether more taxes should be on! Mercury and methylmercury levels in fish from hydroelectric reservoirs in Tanzania author information discard constitute HW pollution developing... In paint: three decades later and still a hazard for African children geographical locations and nationalities its. Domestic paints currently sold in Nigeria population size of 57 million [ 9 ] the immediate of... To human health: risks and responses PubMed Considerable progress has been measured in Kenyan farmworkers who organophosphates... Countries: a major threat to food production, and their occurrence in environmental media have been noted in exposed! 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